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Aplastic Anemia
Description
Aplastic Anemia is characterized by a significantly low blood cell count. It leads to increased susceptibility to infections and persistent fatigue.
Aplastic Anemia can occur at any age, with the intensity ranging from mild to severe. It may be managed with medications or require a bone marrow transplant.
Causes
Naturally, the bone marrow in the body is responsible for making blood cells. However, in some abnormal conditions, its function may be impaired. Either a reduced number of blood cells is produced (Hypo-plastic) or no blood cells are produced (Aplastic).
The following are the causes:
- Radiation and Chemotherapy
- Use of certain medicines
- Exposure to toxic chemical and mutagenic agents
- Autoimmune disorder (the body attacks its own healthy cells)
- Viral infections
- Pregnancy
- Unknown factors
Risk factors
The following are the risk factors:
- Frequent exposure to radiation or chemotherapy, e.g. in cancer
- Usage of certain medication such as chloramphenicol
- Certain autoimmune disorders
- Pregnancy
- Occupational professions with frequent radiation exposure
Symptoms
The following are the symptoms:
- Shortness of breath
- Pale skin
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
- Irregular heat-beat
- Easy or unexplained bruising
- Prolonged bleeding
- Impaired wound healing
- Skin rash
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Fever
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is made when a doctor examines the patient physically, checks relevant symptoms such as pale skin and breathlessness, and performs certain lab tests, such as blood tests and bone marrow biopsy.
The other tests include:
- General investigations: These will include:
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Liver function tests (LFT)
- Renal function and electrolytes
- Thyroid function tests
- Vitamin B12 and folic acid levels
- Among specific investigations, your doctor will advise you the following:
- Bone marrow biopsy: This is the most useful investigation to differentiate aplastic anemia from other conditions.
- Blood tests to exclude paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (i.e. destruction of red blood cells).
- X ray, CT scan and Ultrasound.
- Antibodies analysis: To rule out autoimmune disease.
- Viral analysis: To exclude viral infections.
Management
Following is the management:
- Regular use of prescribed medicines
- Iron supplementation
- Folic acid supplementation
- Blood transfusions
Please consult your doctor for further information.
When to consult a doctor?
Early diagnosis can lead to effective and successful treatment. If your symptoms do not improve within a few days, or you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above, please see a doctor.
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