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Ischemic stroke
Description
Ischemic stroke or cerebral ischemia is a medical condition, characterized by loss of blood supply to the brain resulting in brain damage and loss of neurologic function. The brain doesn’t have a reserve for energy so it depends upon blood for its energy requirements. When blood supply to the brain is cut off the brain cells start to die within minutes. It is the most common type of stroke.
Causes
Following are the reasons why this might happen:
- Thrombosis(obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot forming locally)
- Embolism (obstruction due to an embolus from elsewhere in the body)
- Systemic hypoperfusion (general decrease in blood supply e.g. in shock)
- Heart attack
- Injury to a blood vessel wall and formation of a blood clot which leads to narrowing of the blood vessel. Usually occurs with hypertension or diabetes mellitus.
- Blood clotting problem
- Heart valve disease
Risk factors
- MODIFIABLE FACTORS (FACTORS THAT CAN BE CHANGED):
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- Diabetes mellitus
- Cardiac disease
- Cigarette smoking
- Obesity
- Increase homocysteine
- Increase cholesterol
- NON-MODIFIABLE FACTORS (FACTORS THAT CANNOT BE CHANGED):
- Inheritance: If either parent has a history of ischemic stroke, their children are at a risk to develop it.
- Gender: Males have a greater tendency to suffer from an ischemic stroke.
- Age: As the age increases, so does the risk of ischemic stroke.
- Race: Hypertension is more common in African-Americans.
Symptoms
Development of symptoms depends on the area of brain affected by ischemic stroke. Some of the symptoms are:
- Visual disturbances
- Numbness of face, legs, or arms
- Confusion
- Severe headache
- Dizziness (lightheadedness)
- Drooping of face on one side.
Diagnosis
- Your doctor will take a thorough medical history and then proceed with the physical examination.
- To confirm a narrowed artery, your doctor will place the stethoscope over your carotid artery in your neck, to listen for a swooshing sound that's characteristic of a narrowed artery.
- Your doctor may then test your physical and mental capabilities such as strength, memory, and speech.
After that, your doctor may recommend the following tests to assess blood flow, pressure, abnormalities in your neck and brain.
- Ultrasound
- CT or MRI
- CT angiography or MR angiography
Management
In all emergencies, the goal of management is to maintain breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate to normal.
Non-surgical management:
- Tissue plasminogen activator (protein involved in breakdown of clots)
- Anti-coagulants
- Anti-platelets
Surgical management:
- Surgical clot removal
- Stenting to open arteries
When to consult a doctor?
Consult your doctor immediately if you experience any symptoms of stroke. Urgent medical assistance is needed to prevent permanent brain damage and death.
Available Medicine for Ischemic stroke
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