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Vomiting
Description
Vomiting is forceful expulsion of the contents of stomach through mouth. Vomiting can be voluntary or involuntary and projectile or non-projectile. Vomiting is not a disease in itself but rather, it is a symptom of other underlying disorders. Vomiting can be a one-time event or can occur repeatedly at regular intervals. The contents of a vomit vary from person to person.
Causes
Common causes of vomiting include:
- Infections: influenza, pertussis, urinary tract infection, food poisoning
- Diseases of central nervous system: raised intracranial pressure, migraine
- Metabolic causes: raised blood urea levels, diabetic ketoacidosis, delayed emptying of stomach (gastro paresis), and increased blood calcium.
- Drugs: levodopa, opiates, antibiotics, digoxin therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy.
- Excess alcohol intake
- Pregnancy related morning sickness
- Sea sickness or motion sickness
- Severe pain due to kidney stone, gall stones, appendicitis
- Injury to brain
Risk factors
Prominent risk factors of vomiting are:
- Female gender,
- Obesity,
- Family history,
- Emotional distress,
- Mental health problems,
- Gastrointestinal disorders.
Symptoms
Common symptoms of vomiting are:
- Nausea,
- Stomach cramps,
- Heartburn,
- Diarrhea,
- Fever,
- Lightheadedness,
- Dry mouth,
- Vertigo,
- Excessive sweating,
- Rapid pulse,
- Decreased urination,
- Fainting,
- Confusion.
Diagnosis
If there have been just a few bouts of vomiting, investigations are generally not required. If the complaint persists then following routine tests are done:
- Lab tests:
- Complete blood count with differential counts
- Blood electrolyte levels- sodium, chloride, potassium
- Liver function tests
- Complete urine examination
- Imaging tests:
- X-ray of the abdomen
- CT scan of the abdomen
Management
Depending on the cause of vomiting, the treatment may differ.
- Homecare includes:
- Sipping clear fluids.
- Gradually drinking larger quantities of clear liquids to prevent dehydration.
- Avoid solid food till the episodes of vomiting have subsided
Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is recommended to prevent chances of dehydration. - Vomiting due to morning sickness in pregnant women can be prevented by eating some crackers before getting out of bed or having a high protein snack before sleeping.
- If vomiting is due to a bacterial infection, the doctor will prescribe antibiotics to clear the infection.
When to consult a doctor?
If vomiting persists, it may lead to following complications:
- Entering of vomit into wind pipe an individual may choke and die or suffer from pneumonia.
- Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
- Oral health
- Mallory- Weiss tear: Erosions in the esophagus or small tears in its mucosa
- Continuous vomiting during pregnancy can lead to a serious condition called hyperemesis gravidarum due to which the mother suffers from fluid and mineral imbalance that can endanger her life or of her unborn child.
Seek immediate medical help if:
- Blood in vomit
- Vomit is after a head injury (even if the head injury didn’t seem serious)
- Severe headache or stiffness of neck,
- Severe abdominal pain,
- You cannot keep any fluids down for more than 12 hours or
- You have been vomiting longer than 24 hours.
Available Medicine for Vomiting
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