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ANTI GAD (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Ab)

Rs. 27,720

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Sample required: Blood (serum)

The test is for: both genders

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What is GAD?

Glutamic acid decarboxylase is an enzyme which is needed for proper functioning of pancreas. It helps in converting glutamic acid into gamma-aminobutyric acid which is involved in controlled release of insulin from secretory granules. It can be found in pancreatic beta cells, cerebellum (part of brain), sympathetic ganglia (part of nervous system), & testis (male reproductive organ).

What is Anti-GAD lab test?

It is a blood test that measures the level of autoantibodies (mistakenly attacks normal cells that are not harmful) released against body’s own GAD cells. This test is indicated when there is suspicion b/w type 1 (insulin dependent or IDDM) and type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. This test is done before starting of insulin therapy.

Why is Anti-GAD lab test done?

 The test is done:

  • As it is preferred serological test (via blood serum) for IDDM (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)
  • When doctor has diagnosed you with tests like high glucose and high HbA1C, and patient tests positive for diabetes. Then this test is done to determine between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
  • When doctor wants to look more into diabetic patient’s condition
  • As GAD antibodies can also be caused due to cerebellar ataxia (brain disorder), stiff person syndrome (neurological condition), rheumatoid arthritis and thyroid diseases (autoimmune disorders).
  • As presence of GAD antibodies in blood indicates towards type 1 diabetes, and its absence indicates towards type 2 diabetes.
  • In some individuals who develop type 1 diabetes later in their life called LADA (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults).
  • Firstly, blood is drawn by inserting needle in vein in the arm/hand
  • Blood sample collected in test tube or vial and sent to the laboratory
  • The technician isolates serum from sample & performs Anti-GAD antibody test on it and looks for presence of GAD antibodies.
  1. What is normal level of anti-GAD antibodies?

A normal result is anti-GAD levels under 5 units/ml.

  1. What is meant by GAD antibody positive?

It indicates presence of GAD antibodies that interpret immune system attack and type 1 diabetes.

  1. How long will GAD test results arrive?

It takes about 4 to 5 days for results to come.

  1. What mostly causes GAD65 antibody?

In most of the cases GAD65 antibody is associated with type 1 diabetes, pernicious anemia, and autoimmune thyroid disease.

  1. What are islet cell antibodies?

These are markers appearing when insulin producing beta cells of pancreas are damaged.

There are 2 isoforms of GAD i.e., GAD 65 & GAD 67. Of which GAD 67 is only expressed in neuronal disorders, while GAD 65 is expressed in IDDM and neuronal disorders both.

INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS:

Anti-GAD65 antibodies interpret:

  • Reference range: 0 to 10 IU/ml
  • Positive or >10 IU/ml : Its presence in 70 to 80% individuals indicates that patient has new-onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
  • Negative: It means patient does not have type 1 diabetes rather has type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  • If test results positive but patient is asymptomatic then it means they are at increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes.

You get tested as anti-GAD antibodies are serological markers for IDDM i.e., type 1 diabetes mellitus.

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